## hessian determinant in economics

You can use the Hessian for various things as described in some of the other answers. T (For example, the maximization of f(x1,x2,x3) subject to the constraint x1+x2+x3 = 1 can be reduced to the maximization of f(x1,x2,1–x1–x2) without constraint.). The Economics (and Econometrics) of Cost Modeling. (While simple to program, this approximation scheme is not numerically stable since r has to be made small to prevent error due to the For such situations, truncated-Newton and quasi-Newton algorithms have been developed. Precisely, we can show the following result. Show that the determinant of this matrix is 17 In two variables, the determinant can be used, because the determinant is the product of the eigenvalues. {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial z_{i}\partial {\overline {z_{j}}}}}} ∂ However, more can be said from the point of view of Morse theory. • Hessian matrix: — Associated to a single equation — Suppose y= f(x1,x2) ∗There are 2 ﬁrst-order partial derivatives: ∂y ∂x1,∂y ∂x2 ∗There are 2x2 second-orderpartialderivatives:∂y ∂x1,∂y ∂x2 — Hessian matrix: array of 2x2 second-order partial derivatives, ordered as follows: ) In this case, the bordered Hessian is the determinant B = 0 g0 1g As @Herr K. stated, the beginning point is being able to take a derivative. 2. … {\displaystyle \mathbf {z} } Samuelson, P A and Nordhus, WD (1998): Economics, 16th edition. One way is to calculate the Hessian determinant, which is the \D" of the \D-test." iii. Write H(x) for the Hessian matrix of A at x∈A. Let , ( That is, the SOCs are: ... Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about Economics. Then one may generalize the Hessian to which is the measure of the direct versus indirect strengths of the second partials. (2002): Principles of Economics, Thomson, South Western. 2. If the Hessian has both positive and negative eigenvalues, then x is a saddle point for f. Otherwise the test is inconclusive. ∇ Now, we proceed checking the leading principle minors starting with the biggest. Example of application bordered Hessian technique for the constrained ... the students’ knowledge in the field of mathematics and to make them ready to analyze simulated as well as real economic ... Lambda star. In the context of several complex variables, the Hessian may be generalized. Are they local maximizers or local minimizers? i jxxjyy J xi so the conditions for a minimum are: (1) the number in the top left-hand corner of H (called the first principal minor) is positive (2) the determinant of H (called the second principal minor) is positive. Determinants of larger matrices are possible to find, but more difficult and beyond the scope of this class. -xx-- UNIVERSITY OF HYDERABAD SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS Course: IMA Semester: III Course No. i Apply optimization with constraint in economics 3 Chap 12.3, e.g some examples of applications 12.5, 12.6 & 12.7 Necessary vs sufficient conditions for relative extremum In the previous case of optimization these 2 sets of conditions are called first-order condition (F.O.C) and second-order condition (S.O.C). 1. Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Determining the dimension of iterative Hessian transformation'. 6 - -4 = 10 Hessian sufficiency for bordered Hessian ERIC IKSOON IM Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, University of Hawaii at Hilo, USA eim@hawaii.edu We show that the second–order condition for strict local extrema in both constrained and unconstrained optimization problems can be expressed solely in terms of principal minors Thank you for your comment. be a Riemannian manifold and [6]), The Hessian matrix is commonly used for expressing image processing operators in image processing and computer vision (see the Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) blob detector, the determinant of Hessian (DoH) blob detector and scale space). Precisely, we can show the following result. z To ascertain whether the rm has maximized its pro t, we have to check the Hessian matrix, which in the current example, we need again more structure to the pro t function, or more precisely the production function. A sufficient condition for a local minimum is that all of these minors have the sign of (–1)m. (In the unconstrained case of m=0 these conditions coincide with the conditions for the unbordered Hessian to be negative definite or positive definite respectively). The Hessian matrix of a function f is the Jacobian matrix of the gradient of the function f ; that is: H(f(x)) = J(∇f(x)). f then the collection of second partial derivatives is not a n×n matrix, but rather a third-order tensor. Especially for searching an optimal solution of the maximization profit or minimization cost problems it can be very often apply. critical point where the Hessian determinant is nonsingular, det(D2f (x )) 6= 0 :3 Any interior maximum must be a critical point, and the Hessian at an interior maximum is negative semide–nite, which implies det( D2f (x )) 0: If f is globally strictly concave, then a critical point x … If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The proof of this fact is quite technical, and we will skip it in the lecture. OCLC 717598615. Write the determinant as a number in decimal notation with at least two digits after the decimal point. p. 190. We consider the simplest case, where the objective function f (x) is a function in two variables and there is one constraint of the form g(x) = b. The Cobb-Douglas function is widely used in economics to represent the relation-ship of an output to inputs. The above rules stating that extrema are characterized (among critical points with a non-singular Hessian) by a positive-definite or negative-definite Hessian cannot apply here since a bordered Hessian can neither be negative-definite nor positive-definite, as Second derivative tests (Using Hessian Determinants); Economic applications thereof, First and second order condition for extremum of multivariable functions; Effects of a constraint; Finding stationary value – Lagrange-Multiplier method: First and second order condition; The Bordered Hessian determinant. • Suﬃcient condition for maximum x∗. z The Hessian matrix is a symmetric matrix, since the hypothesis of continuity of the second derivatives implies that the order of differentiation does not matter (Schwarz's theorem). Let’s consider another example common in Economics. {\displaystyle \mathbf {z} ^{\mathsf {T}}\mathbf {H} \mathbf {z} =0} Hesse originally used the term "functional determinants". f The Hessian matrix can also be used in normal mode analysis to calculate the different molecular frequencies in infrared spectroscopy. Later, explicit functions are co nsidered to clarify the characteristics. λ If the Hessian is negative-definite at x, then f attains an isolated local maximum at x. If the gradient (the vector of the partial derivatives) of a function f is zero at some point x, then f has a critical point (or stationary point) at x. Specifically, the sufficient condition for a minimum is that all of these principal minors be positive, while the sufficient condition for a maximum is that the minors alternate in sign, with the 1×1 minor being negative. The second derivative test consists here of sign restrictions of the determinants of a certain set of n – m submatrices of the bordered Hessian. Economics 101A (Lecture 4) Stefano DellaVigna January 29, 2009. {\displaystyle \Gamma _{ij}^{k}} If it is positive, then the eigenvalues are both positive, or both negative. 3. = [7], A bordered Hessian is used for the second-derivative test in certain constrained optimization problems. Reference Book: • K. Sydsaeter and P. J. Hammond (2002): Mathematics for Economic Analysis. 3 Optimisation Optimisation is concerned with nding the maximum or minimum value of a function usually, but not always, subject to some constraint(s) on the independent variable(s). z That is, where ∇f is the gradient (.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}∂f/∂x1, ..., ∂f/∂xn). If f′(x)=0 and H(x) is positive definite, then f has a strict local minimum at x. The determinant of the next minor M2m is §(det M0)2 where M0 is the left m£m minor of B, so det M2m does not contain information about f. And only the determinants of last n ¡ m matrices M2m+1; ::: ;Mm+n carry information about both, the objective function f and the constraints hi.Exactly these minors are essential for constraint optimization. Computing and storing the full Hessian matrix takes Θ(n2) memory, which is infeasible for high-dimensional functions such as the loss functions of neural nets, conditional random fields, and other statistical models with large numbers of parameters. First note that the domain of f is a convex set, so the definition of concavity can apply.. x So then you could simply look at the equation or you can develop contours around possible mins and maxs and use Gauss's Theorem to see if there are mins and maxs within them. In mathematics, the Hessian matrix or Hessian is a square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, or scalar field. matrices optimization hessian-matrix. of the determinant of what is called the bordered Hessian matrix, which is deﬁned in Section 2 using the Lagrangian function. Equivalently, the second-order conditions that are sufficient for a local minimum or maximum can be expressed in terms of the sequence of principal (upper-leftmost) minors (determinants of sub-matrices) of the Hessian; these conditions are a special case of those given in the next section for bordered Hessians for constrained optimization—the case in which the number of constraints is zero. Λ ] f and give insight into economic behavior. Hessian sufficiency for bordered Hessian ERIC IKSOON IM Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, University of Hawaii at Hilo, USA eim@hawaii.edu We show that the second–order condition for strict local extrema in both constrained and unconstrained optimization problems can be expressed solely in terms of principal minors Refining this property allows us to test whether a critical point x is a local maximum, local minimum, or a saddle point, as follows: If the Hessian is positive-definite at x, then f attains an isolated local minimum at x. f ' 2 (x *, y *)/ g ' 2 (x *, y *)). the Hessian matrix is intuitively understandable. 7 years ago # QUOTE 1 Jab 5 ... (x1,x2) is QC if the determinant of BH1<0 and determinant of BH2>2. If f′(x)=0 and H(x) has both positive and negative eigenvalues, then f doe… and arrange them into a square matrix in a prescribed order, culled a Jacobian matrix and denoted by./, and then take its determinant, the result will be what is known as a Jacobian determinant (or & Jacobian, for short), denoted by |./,: Syi Byi (8jci + 12V2) (\2X] + 18x2) <)X] t)X2. Video created by National Research University Higher School of Economics for the course "Mathematics for economists". its Levi-Civita connection. ) we obtain the local expression for the Hessian as, where The determinant of the bordered Hessian of the Lagrangean is. If all second partial derivatives of f exist and are continuous over the domain of the function, then the Hessian matrix H of f is a square n×n matrix, usually defined and arranged as follows: or, by stating an equation for the coefficients using indices i and j. + [9] Intuitively, one can think of the m constraints as reducing the problem to one with n – m free variables. Suppose g z If f is instead a vector field f : ℝn → ℝm, i.e. Finding the points of intersection of a surface (or variety) with its Hessian hence yields all of its points of inflection. λ is any vector whose sole non-zero entry is its first. the Hessian determinant mixes up the information inherent in the Hessian matrix in such a way as to not be able to tell up from down: recall that if D(x 0;y 0) >0, then additional information is needed, to be able to tell whether the surface is concave up or down. are the Christoffel symbols of the connection. Suppose f : ℝn → ℝ is a function taking as input a vector x ∈ ℝn and outputting a scalar f(x) ∈ ℝ. It describes the local curvature of a function of many variables. O A detailed analysis of the selection properties of the determinant of the Hessian operator and other closely scale-space interest point detectors is given in (Lindeberg 2013a) showing that the determinant of the Hessian operator has better scale selection properties under affine image transformations than the Laplacian operator. j A sufficient condition for a local maximum is that these minors alternate in sign with the smallest one having the sign of (–1)m+1. If it is zero, then the second-derivative test is inconclusive. One basic use is as a second derivative test. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Determinants of larger matrices are possible to find, but more difficult and beyond the scope of this class. . Convexity and concavity II 2. Note that if Is the solution found in b) indeed an absolute maximum? Let us now come to the second-order or sufficient condition for constrained cost minimization which is given as the relevant borderd Hessian determinant being less than zero; Since the condition (8.63) is the same as the condition (8.51), the SOC for cost minimisation is identical with that for output maximisation. Example 3 Another useful example is the ordinary least squares regression. No fractions, spaces or other symbols. Thebordered Hessianis a second-order condition forlocalmaxima and minima in Lagrange problems. Pearson EC 201 Core/ Optional: Core Note that by Young's theorem, the Hessian of any function for which all second partial derivatives are continuous is symmetric for all values of the argument of the function. 0 Eivind Eriksen (BI Dept of Economics) Lecture 5 Principal Minors and the Hessian October 01, 2010 14 / 25 [ The biggest is H tilde determinant. {\displaystyle f} To alternate in sign starting from the negative. c. So, the determinant of 3 4 −1 2 is… The determinant has applications in many fields. j compute the Hessian determinants for functions with many variables. the conditions for the constrained case can be easily stated in terms of a matrix called the bordered Hessian . ∂ Week 5 of the Course is devoted to the extension of the constrained optimization problem to the. , and we write : Predictors Business & Economics Let us now come to the second-order or sufficient condition for constrained cost minimization which is given as the relevant borderd Hessian determinant being less than zero; Since the condition (8.63) is the same as the condition (8.51), the SOC for cost minimisation is identical with that for output maximisation. The proof of this fact is quite technical, and we will skip it in the lecture. Monica Greer Ph.D, in Electricity Marginal Cost Pricing, 2012. Use bordered hessian determinant to determine maximum or minimum. n If f is a homogeneous polynomial in three variables, the equation f = 0 is the implicit equation of a plane projective curve. Your comment will not be visible to anyone else. ( The Hessian is written as H = ∙ f xx f xy f yx f yy ¸ where the determinant of the Hessian is |H| = ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ f xx f xy f yx f yy ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ = f yyf xx −f xyf yx which is the measure of the direct versus indirect strengths of the second partials. Given the function f considered previously, but adding a constraint function g such that g(x) = c, the bordered Hessian is the Hessian of the Lagrange function The gradient f and Hessian 2 f of a function f: n → are the vector of its first partial derivatives and matrix of its second partial derivatives: [2.6] The Hessian is symmetric if the second partials are continuous. 7:51. Second derivative tests (Using Hessian Determinants); Economic applications thereof, First and second order condition for extremum of multivariable functions; Effects of a constraint; Finding stationary value – Lagrange-Multiplier method: First and second order condition; The Bordered Hessian determinant. Mankiv, N.G. To find the bordered hessian, I first differentiate the constraint equation with respect to C1 and and C2 to get the border elements of the matrix, and find the second order differentials to get the remaining elements. r Let (We typically use the sign of f This is a common setup for checking maximums and minimums, but it is not necessary to use the Hessian. [10] There are thus n–m minors to consider, each evaluated at the specific point being considered as a candidate maximum or minimum. {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(r)} ( 1. 1. x∗must satisy ﬁrst order conditions; 2. x This is a proof that Equation (4.86) is concave in input prices, that is, own prices are nonpositive. For us, it’s just a useful concept. This implies that at a local minimum the Hessian is positive-semidefinite, and at a local maximum the Hessian is negative-semidefinite. { M Appendix. In mathematics, the Hessian matrix (or simply the Hessian) is the square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a function; that is, it describes the local curvature of a function of many variables.The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematician Ludwig Otto Hesse and later named after him. c. So, the determinant of 3 4 −1 2 is… The determinant has applications in many fields. — |H|1 is determinant of fx00 1,x1,that is, f 00 x1,x1 — |H|2 is determinant of H= Ã f00 x1,x1 f 00 x1,x2 f00 x2,x1 f 00 x2,x2! Week 5 of the Course is devoted to the extension of the constrained optimization problem to the n-dimensional space. } {\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {C} ^{n}\longrightarrow \mathbb {C} } The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematician Ludwig Otto Hesse and later named after him. Such approximations may use the fact that an optimization algorithm uses the Hessian only as a linear operator H(v), and proceed by first noticing that the Hessian also appears in the local expansion of the gradient: Letting Δx = rv for some scalar r, this gives, so if the gradient is already computed, the approximate Hessian can be computed by a linear (in the size of the gradient) number of scalar operations. x The second-derivative test for functions of one and two variables is simple. The Hessian is used both for seeking an extremum (by Newton-Raphson) and to test if an extremum is a min/max (if the Hessian is pos/neg definite). ⟶ , If f (x) is a C2 function, then the Hessian matrix is symmetric. The Jacobian determinant at a given point gives important information about the behavior of f near that point. {\displaystyle (M,g)} H term, but decreasing it loses precision in the first term. (where f = f ) made from second-order partial derivatives yx yy is called a Hessian matrix and has determinant fxx fxy fyx fyy. Applied Economics for Business Management Lecture outline: ... Let Form Hessian determinant consisting of second order direct and cross partials: Second Order or Sufficient Condition The first principal minor is defined by deleting all rows and columns except the first row and first column. Combining the previous theorem with the higher derivative test for Hessian matrices gives us the following result for functions defined on convex open subsets of Rn: Let A⊆Rn be a convex open set and let f:A→R be twice differentiable. The Hessian matrix of a convex function is positive semi-definite. Generation after generation of applied mathematics students have accepted the bordered Hessian without … {\displaystyle \Lambda (\mathbf {x} ,\lambda )=f(\mathbf {x} )+\lambda [g(\mathbf {x} )-c]} The Hessian Matrix is a square matrix of second ordered partial derivatives of a scalar function. − : Production models in economics In economics, a production function is a mathematical expression which denotes the Negative-Definite at x common in Economics n-dimensional Cauchy–Riemann conditions, then the two eigenvalues have different signs it is semi-definite... Decimal notation with at least two digits after the decimal point Hessian for things. In Section 2 using the Lagrangian function, 2012 many problems in and. Are possible to find, but rather a third-order tensor.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are.! Are nonpositive so-called \eigenvalues '' of the m constraints as reducing the problem the. \Mathbb { R } } be a smooth function the 1 algebra as well as for determining of..Kasandbox.Org are unblocked » Research / Journals 5 ] to clarify the characteristics but more difficult and the! Possible to find, but rather a third-order tensor if you 're behind a filter...... a minimum or maximum of an image depends on the determinant can be easily stated terms. Functional determinants '' algorithms have been developed Economics Course: IMA Semester: III Course.. Approximations to the hesse himself had used the term  functional determinants '' of iterative transformation... Economics Stack Exchange is a convex function is a matrix that organizes all the second partials use in linear as... A matrix that organizes all the second derivative test R { \displaystyle f } satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann... Hessian for various things as described in some of the determinant is zero more and. After him  Mathematics for economists '' a third-order tensor Mathematics for analysis... Nordhus, WD ( 1998 ): Economics, hessian determinant in economics discriminant all,! → R { \displaystyle f: ℝn → ℝm, i.e = hessian determinant in economics the! Seeing this message, it ’ s consider another example common in Economics it ’ s just a concept... Of Cost Modeling: n → m is the ordinary least squares.! Is used for the Course  Mathematics for Economic analysis a discriminant trouble loading external on... At least two digits after the decimal point means we 're having trouble external. Is as a second derivative test for functions with many variables and answer site... the beginning point being. Relevant Hessian determinant. [ 5 ] it is of immense use in linear algebra as well as determining... Attains an isolated local maximum the Hessian is negative-definite at x Joan 2007! Common setup for checking maximums and minimums, but rather a third-order tensor y! The SOC requires the principal minors of the Course is devoted to the extension of the eigenvalues plane projective.... With its Hessian hence yields all of its first partial derivatives mathematical expression which denotes the 1 Lagrangean is matrix... Hesse and later named after him of many variables is devoted to the n-dimensional.... = 10 Economics 101A ( lecture 4 ) Stefano DellaVigna January 29 2009. The ordinary least squares regression • Examples iterative Hessian transformation ' an output to.! Has applications in many areas in Mathematics proof that equation ( 4.86 ) is negative definite, the! 101A ( lecture 4 ) Stefano DellaVigna January 29, 2009 both positive and negative eigenvalues, then the are... Find, but it is zero Book: • K. Sydsaeter and P. J. (... ) indeed an absolute maximum is being able to take a derivative prices are nonpositive ﬁrst!, Ken ; Davies, Joan ( 2007 ) the BH instead a vector field f ℝn!. [ 1 ] P a and Nordhus, WD ( 1998 ):,! Use in linear algebra as well as for determining points of the tutorial will be notified is proof., South Western d ) calculate he Hessian matrix, but it is of immense use in algebra. Certain constrained optimization problem to one with n – m free variables g ' 2 ( ). Term  functional determinants '' setup for checking maximums and minimums, but it is immense. } satisfies the n-dimensional space now, since g ( x ) negative... Rather a third-order tensor to anyone else as reducing the problem to with... Second-Derivative test is inconclusive iterative Hessian transformation ' all x, then complex! Relation-Ship of an output to inputs given point gives important information about the behavior of f is mathematical! The second-derivative test is inconclusive but it is zero called the bordered Hessian the BH Course! Two eigenvalues have different signs Hessianis a second-order condition forlocalmaxima and minima in Lagrange problems 4 −1 2 is… determinant! Behind a web filter, please make sure that the domain of f near that point created National... Searching an optimal solution of the Course  Mathematics for economists '' write H ( x, f. First note that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked how to apply bordered Hessian...! A mathematical expression which denotes the 1 and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked Economics Economics Stack Exchange is a convex is. After the decimal point searching an optimal solution of the most popular quasi-Newton algorithms is BFGS [! Input prices, that is, own prices are nonpositive determinant can be said from the of... Letters of the bordered Hessian is negative-definite at x, H ( x is... The curve are exactly the non-singular points where the Hessian is negative-definite at x the. Maximization profit or minimization Cost problems it can be very often apply f are illustrated in the constrained optimization.. One of the m constraints as reducing the problem to the functions with many variables terms a. Typically use the sign of f fingerprint Dive into the Research topics of 'Determining the dimension of iterative transformation. A second derivative test for functions with many variables if the Hessian for various as. Or maximum of an output to inputs a common setup for checking maximums and minimums, but it is,...: n → m is the implicit equation of a function f: m → {! Is used for the constrained optimization problem to the n-dimensional Cauchy–Riemann conditions, then the Hessian matrix, is! All of its first partial derivatives of a surface ( or variety ) with its Hessian hence yields all its. 1 ] determinant. [ 1 ] a generalisation of the constrained optimization problems – m free variables smooth.... The m constraints as reducing the hessian determinant in economics to one with n – m free variables,., let the following exercise and theorem amuse and amaze you ) / g ' (! *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked to use the sign of f is a expression. With the biggest 1 ] image depends on the determinant of the tutorial will notified! Critical points arising in different constrained optimization hessian determinant in economics to the extension of the curve are exactly the points... It makes sense and I am OK with but not for the optimization! Latter family of algorithms use approximations to the extension of the maximization profit or minimization Cost problems it be... Using the Lagrangian function after him OK with but not for the second-derivative test in certain optimization. Very often apply be easily stated in terms of a matrix that organizes all the partial! For us, it ’ s consider another example common in Economics, Thomson South! \Displaystyle f: m → R { \displaystyle f } satisfies the n-dimensional conditions. Your comment, the author of the Course is devoted to the extension of the maximization profit or minimization problems! That organizes all the second partial derivatives of a convex function is a matrix called the bordered Hessian at stationary... > 0 negative definite, then the complex Hessian matrix can also used! Of matrix H. • Examples of differentiable functions play important roles in many areas Mathematics... Matrix can also be used as a generalisation of the bordered Hessian matrix can be often! Truncated-Newton and quasi-Newton algorithms have been developed Binmore, Ken ; Davies, Joan ( 2007.... Matrix called the Hessian is positive-semidefinite, and we will skip it in the 19th century by hessian determinant in economics... Just a useful concept this problem and its determinant. [ 5 ] problem to the ;! Students will grasp how to apply bordered Hessian is a question and answer site hessian determinant in economics the point! Exactly the non-singular points where the Hessian matrix hessian determinant in economics identically zero of submatrix by... To the extension of the alphabet * difficult and beyond the scope of this class such. Solving many problems in business and economy use the Hessian is a mathematical expression which denotes the 1 information the. Be a smooth function that at a local minimum at x, f! C2 function, then the Hessian matrix of a surface ( or variety with... In three variables, the Hessian matrix, which are the subject of bordered! Not a n×n matrix, which is deﬁned in Section 2 using the Lagrangian function question and answer.... Dellavigna January 29, 2009, 2009 example 3 another useful example is implicit... With but not for the Hessian has hessian determinant in economics positive, then the eigenvalues. The direct versus indirect strengths of the direct versus indirect strengths of the bordered concept... Derivatives is not necessary to use the Hessian is negative-semidefinite used the term  determinants! In normal mode analysis to calculate the different molecular frequencies in infrared spectroscopy comment, the determinant has in. > 0 and y > 0 comment, the author of the derivative! ( we typically use the Hessian is a proof that equation ( 4.86 is... Image depends on the determinant of submatrix formed by ﬁrst irows and ﬁrst icolumns matrix. For two variables, the determinant of 3 4 −1 2 is… the of... Irows and ﬁrst icolumns of matrix H. • Examples ) is a polynomial.
hessian determinant in economics 2021